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Penicillin was one of the first antibiotics in wide use. It was discovered in the late 19th century by a French medical student (Ernest Duchesne), though his work was never pursued. Fleming independently discovered the antibacterial activity of Penicillium mold derivatives in 1928. The active molecule was difficult to extract. The compound was finally synthesized in 1957 by John Sheehan, a chemist at MIT. This feat was made possible by the determination of penicillin's structure in 1944 by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, an X-ray crystallographer who won the 1964 Nobel prize in chemistry for that discovery and many others (including B-12 and insulin).
How does penicillin work? It is a Trojan horse molecule. Penicillin disrupts the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, thus inhibiting the bacteria's reproduction. The enzyme responsible for assembling the cell walls picks up penicillin, thinking it can incorporate into the wall. Unfortunately for the bacteria, the penicillin molecule opens up and destroys the enzyme's ability to function.
The key step in this sneak attack is the nucleophilic attack of the enzyme onto an electrophilic site on the four-membered β-lactam ring. We've been discussing these reactions in my general chemistry class this week.
Watch this webcast if you want to see how the reaction works and learn a bit about nucelophilic reactions.
This is great. I always knew that it disrupted the synthesis of the cell walls, but did not know what the mechanism of the disruption was a nucleophilic attack! I just love these posts!
ReplyDeleteIt's so elegant...of course, the bacteria have developed defenses, which also happen to involve nucleophilic attack! If it weren't so important, it would seem like a Seuss war, with tiny little things exchanging nucleophilic "fire"....
ReplyDeleteI never known that penicillin has been synthesized. What I learned Pennicilium chrysogenum makes the drug. The derivatives use today come from fermentation followed by modification (semi synthetic)
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